What Is a DDoS Attack and How to Protect Against It?

A DDoS attack is carried out simultaneously from a vast number of devices that attackers have taken control over, gaining the ability to send commands to generate floods of bogus requests. An attack of this kind can cause a denial of service to systems owned by a large enterprise or to an entire network. This article explains in detail how attacks work and how to ensure comprehensive DDoS protection.

DDoS Attacks: Definition, Reasons, Classification

A distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack is a malicious attempt to disrupt the normal functioning of a targeted server, service, or network by overwhelming it with a flood of internet traffic from multiple sources. Attackers typically use a network of compromised computers, known as a botnet, to flood the target with an overwhelming amount of traffic, rendering it inaccessible to legitimate users.

The purpose of an attack is to achieve denial of service for devices connected to the Internet: network equipment and infrastructure, various Internet services, websites and web applications, IoT infrastructure.

How does a DDoS attack work?

The vast majority of attacks develop in the following sequence:

1. Collecting data about the victim and further analysis in order to identify obvious and potential vulnerabilities, the choice of the attack method;
2. Preparing for an attack by deploying malicious code on computers and Internet-connected devices that have been intercepted;
3. Generating a stream of malicious requests from multiple devices controlled by the attacker;
4. Analysis of the effectiveness of the attack: if the objectives of the attack were not achieved, the attacker can conduct a more thorough analysis of the data and perform a second search for the methods of attack (go to step 1).

In case of a successful attack, the attacked resource will demonstrate a significant decrease in performance or will not be able to process legitimate requests from users and other services at all. Depending on what exactly the victim resource is, the consequences of a successful DDoS attack can be a sharp drop in performance or inaccessibility of the network, server, Internet service, website, application. As a result, the Internet resource “freezes”, legal users cannot access it at the right time, the network or server becomes temporarily “cut off” from the Internet, the Internet resource stops working correctly, etc.

Read also: Signs of a DDoS Attack (how to check if you’re being DDoSed)

Motivations for DDoS attacks

Attackers may have different motivations. The most common occurrences are unfair competition, attempts at blackmail, conflicts of interest or beliefs, and social or political protest. Revenge attacks, a desire to “practice” the criminal hacking craft, and vanity are also common. However, in recent years, the desire of DDoS attackers to earn extra money has come to the fore. And if the order for an attack is generously paid, it can be quite intense, last for many hours, modified and repeated over and over again.

Further reading: Why DDoS Attacks Happen. Psychology Behind DDoS

Damage from attacks

The damage from a successful DDoS attack primarily lies in financial and reputational costs: lost profits, termination of contracts and loss of users, numerous complaints from customers, a wave of negativity in the media and social networks and, as a result, the decline in popularity of the Internet resource and its owner. Often, a DDoS attack is used as a cover for the main malicious impact in targeted attacks: while cybersecurity specialists focus on DDoS mitigation and system recovery, attackers strengthen the main attack vector – for example, hacking a service, stealing confidential data, or installing malicious codes.

Further reading: Consequences of DDoS Attacks for Business

DDoS attacks in Q1 2026: trends

In 2026, the following DDoS attack trends emerged: 

• Multi-vector attacks targeting infrastructure simultaneously across multiple OSI model layers (L3, L4, L7). Attackers increasingly combine multiple techniques in a single campaign, targeting different layers at once, making these attacks especially difficult to defend against. Additionally, multi-vector attacks often serve as a cover for other malicious activity, such as intrusions or data theft, which may go unnoticed while defenses focus on large-scale traffic floods. 
• The growth of botnets is the main driver of DDoS attack evolution in 2026. At the same time, they rely on vast networks of compromised devices, from personal computers to IoT gadgets like smart cameras and even robotic vacuum cleaners. These botnets give attackers the ability to launch massive, highly coordinated attacks. As botnets continue to grow in both size and sophistication, they are driving record-breaking attack volumes and enabling complex multi-vector campaigns that were once impossible.
• AI-driven DDoS attacks are becoming far more sophisticated. Cybercriminals apply AI to generate attack scripts, scan for vulnerabilities in defenses, analyze traffic patterns, and select the most disruptive timing — such as peak hours or maintenance windows. AI also helps mimic legitimate user behavior and adds another layer of tactical complexity, particularly during multi-vector attacks.

Companies targeted by DDoS attacks

According to our DDoS Attacks Report for Q1 2026, telecommunications and finance remained the most targeted sectors. The public sector holds third place with 14% of all attacks. Retail ranks fourth with 12%, surpassing the entertainment industry at 9%. 

 Explore our regular DDoS attacks reports featuring statistics across industries and countries.

DDoS attack classification

The most commonly used method of classifying attacks is by the OSI layer at which they occurred. Let’s list the most common types of DDoS attacks:

• Network layer (L3): DDoS attacks of this layer “work” over IP, DVMRP, ICMP, IGMP, PIM-SM, IPsec, IPX, RIP, DDP, OSPF, OSPF protocols. The targets of attacks are primarily network devices – switches (switches) and routers (routers).
• Transport layer (L4): the impact is made via the TCP and UDP protocols, as well as the DCCP, RUDP, SCTP, UDP Lite subprotocols. The targets of attacks of this level are usually servers and some Internet services, such as gaming.
• Application layer (L7): The attack is carried out at the application protocol layer. Most often, attackers use HTTP, HTTPS and DNS. Attacks of this level target both popular network services and various websites and web applications.

Another common method of classification is by the method of exposure:

• exploitation of protocol vulnerabilities: they allow to achieve denial of service by influencing the attacked resource with incorrect requests, as a result of which the victim “goes into a stupor”, trying to process them;
• traffic overflow with a powerful stream of requests, which the victim is unable to “digest”;
• impact on weaknesses in the architecture and logic of application operation, which can severely disrupt the performance of a software complex connected to the Internet, especially if it has a weak level of security.

DDoS Attack Protection

DDoS protection is a set of measures and technologies designed to automatically detect and filter malicious traffic. The goal is to prevent infrastructure overloads during an attack.

A modern protection system is not a single tool or technology, but a set of interconnected modules, each responsible for a specific part of the process.

Before taking on the use of means of protection against DDoS attacks, you should take care of increasing the degree of security of the Internet service – its ability to effectively repel attacks with a minimum waste of resources (we call it DDoS protectability). Otherwise, in order to secure the Internet service from influences, you will have to spend a lot of effort and money. Shortly, to increase security you need:

• provide as little information as possible to the attacker;
• provide as much information as possible to the DDoS defender;
• provide clear attack filtering capabilities;
• ensure the reliability of the service under attack.

Learn more: 5 Steps to Prepare for DDoS Attacks

DDoS protectability should be planned at the stage of planning the IT infrastructure and architecture:  good design will increase the availability and reduce further costs of protection from attacks.

DDoS protection methods

Basic Methods These can help mitigate simple attacks, but are not effective against complex and high-volume threats.

Filtering incoming traffic at the network level based on IP addresses, ports, and protocols. Traffic that clearly does not match predefined rules is blocked. Limiting the number of requests from a single IP address, ASN, or session within a given time interval. Geo- and IP filtering. Blocking traffic from specific regions or IP ranges, as well as using blacklists and whitelists. However, this approach is ineffective if attack sources are located in the same region as the target, or if attackers spoof IP addresses using random or allowed ranges. Behavioral analysis. Systems distinguish real users from bots based on behavior patterns. Machine learning methods are widely used for this purpose. Matching incoming requests against a database of known attack signatures. Requests that match known patterns are automatically blocked. CAPTCHA and challenge-response authentication protocols help filter out simple automated bot requests.

Infrastructure Protection Methods

Connecting a specialized anti-DDoS service. When an attack is detected, traffic is redirected to scrubbing centers, where malicious traffic is filtered out and legitimate traffic is forwarded back to the client’s system. Anycast networks assign the same IP address to nodes in different geographic locations. An attack on one node does not bring down the entire network. BGP diversion is a mechanism that reroutes traffic via BGP to a protected path leading to a scrubbing center. This allows protection to be activated within seconds, provided that BGP sessions and automation are already configured. The service’s IP address remains unchanged, so it stays accessible. A Web Application Firewall (WAF) analyzes HTTP/HTTPS requests, blocks malicious traffic, API attacks, and attempts to exploit application logic or compromise systems. WAF solutions are integrated with anti-DDoS services to provide protection against all attack vectors. DNS protection and backup name servers (NS). These use multiple approaches, including placing backup DNS servers in different networks. If the primary DNS infrastructure is attacked, requests continue to be processed by the backup servers.

DDoS protection tools

As for the protection tools, they can be divided: 

• by type of solution: deployed locally (on-premise), cloud, hybrid;
• by protection level: packet (at the L3 and L4 levels) or at the application level (L7);
• by connection mode: symmetric or asymmetric filtering.

Learn more: DDoS Protection Tools and Methods

On-premise solutions

On-premise solutions and anti-DDoS tools come in both software and hardware (specialized network devices) and can be installed by both customers themselves and their providers. The main users of local anti-DDoS solutions are large telecom operators (cloud and Internet providers) and data centers that can afford to have their own response service, are able to cope with powerful (hundreds of gigabits) attacks and offer anti-DDoS service to their customers.

Cloud solutions

Cloud solutions implement almost the same security functionality as on-premise solutions. In addition to packet protection, anti-DDoS cloud service providers often offer services to protect sites from attacks made by bots (attackers use the HTTP protocol in them), as well as technical support and support during a DDoS attack. Cloud solutions seem to be the best option for most companies.

Learn more: Cloud-Based DDoS Protection Solutions

Hybrid solutions

A hybrid solution is a set of an on-premise solution and a subscription to an anti-DDoS cloud service that is automatically connected when an attack starts. A hybrid approach removes the attack volume limitations of on-premise solutions and takes advantage of both cloud and on-premise solutions. Hybrid solutions can be recommended for large enterprises with an emphasis on interacting with customers through online channels, as well as small service providers.

Protection from DDoS attacks at L3, L4 and L7 OSI layers

Depending on what kind of Internet resources need to be protected, anti-DDoS tools and services are chosen that have one or another range of protection functions:

• protection against packet flooding based on filtering packets of the transport and network layer (L3 and L4) – this is enough to protect network devices;
• protection against both packet flooding and flooding at the application level (L3 – L7) – this is necessary, in particular, to ensure the operability of sites, since most attacks on them are carried out precisely at the L7 level;
• protection not only against flooding at the L3 – L7 level, but also against “intelligent” DDoS attacks using “smart” bots that attack those parts of web applications that are most resource-intensive when processing incoming requests, using the functions of the Web Application Firewall (WAF) – this is necessary to protect critical Internet resources.

L7 DDoS Protection Guide: How to Stop Application Layer Attacks

Symmetric and asymmetric DDoS filtering

The connection format distinguishes between symmetric and asymmetric DDoS protection. The first option implies installing the filter in a symmetric mode: both incoming and outgoing traffic of the protected server (or service information about this traffic) always passes through the filter. Asymmetric algorithms analyze only incoming traffic. In general, symmetrical protectors are more effective, but the cost of ownership is higher and the signal latency is higher. Asymmetric tools are often more complex, but because they do not analyze outbound traffic, some attacks are not fully filtered in asymmetric mode.

How to Prepare for a DDoS Attack: Checklist

1. Minimize vulnerabilities in your infrastructure. Restrict access to ports, protocols, and services that are not required. Disable unused services. Segment your network so that an attack on one component does not disrupt the entire system. Regularly update software, fix vulnerabilities, and use strong authentication methods.
2. Build a threat model. Identify which resources are critical, who might target them, and how. Conduct stress testing to uncover weak points. Based on this, develop an incident response plan, including team roles, escalation procedures, and traffic redirection workflows for filtering.
3. Ensure sufficient capacity. Make sure you can quickly scale bandwidth if needed. Host services across multiple data centers or cloud zones with load balancing.
4. Optimize servers and the network stack. If you use a CMS, follow publicly available best practices for performance tuning.
5. Hide real IP addresses. Prevent attackers from discovering them through email headers, open ports, or other services. Ensure your infrastructure cannot be easily traced from the outside.
6. Connect a specialized anti-DDoS solution and share anonymized traffic data with your provider, such as average requests per second and packet sizes. This helps detect anomalies faster and respond to threats more effectively.

Build a multi-layered defense. Use a combination of methods, such as rate limiting, blacklists and whitelists, traffic filtering, anti-bot protection, and a WAF, to defend against automated and targeted attacks.

Conclusion

In addition, special care should be taken to ensure that DDoS protection is properly deployed: it is necessary to reduce to zero the number of vulnerabilities that an attacker could exploit.

And of course, you need to pay close attention to the choice of a protection provider, since the real quality of their services, as well as the level of his competence in anti-DDoS matters, can extend over a wide range.

StormWall provides comprehensive protection for projects of all sizes for websites, networks, and IT infrastructures. Leave a request with our managers, and we will provide all the details, as well as an individual approach to organizing protection for your company.